Further Perspectives on Kifwebe Masquerades - MIT Press Ibibio - People in southern Nigeria - Native Breed.org Only males can join, boys being initiated about the age of puberty. Ekpe translates to Leopard in the Efik language and is believed to be a spirit that resides in the forest. "Egbo" redirects here. [14], The name "Efik" translates to "Oppressors" and is derived from the Efik-Ibibio verb root "Fik" (English: Oppress). [51] When the twins were older, they left for the opposite end of the island to Duke town. The cloth is then dipped in indigo dye and hung to dry. a king whose attempts to have a special son lead him to make bargains with one Islamic missionary and two noble travelers. The Ekpo society uses black masks, often of naturalistic appearance and with movable jaws, to maintain social order and propitiate the ancestors; some of these masks represent disease and deformity. Thanks for signing up for our daily insight on the African economy. Several periods have been estimated by foreign scholars and indigenous historians. [17] Some oral accounts by early Efik men also support the Igbo origin of the Efik. I hope some Man-of-War come sometime with proper captain all same you look out and help we keep word when French Man-of-War come. African Script - Culture - Nigeria Eli Bentor, Professor of Art History at Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, speaks about the history of ukara cloth and moderates a discussi. In Cuba, the Ekoi are always evoked as early founders of the Abaku society,18 and their spirits are worshiped. You been do very proper for we, and now we want to keep proper mouth. Omissions? In the culture we have discussed, the term badenya refers to: the relationship between the mother and child, and full siblings - implying closeness, trust, cooperation, unselfishness, and acceptance of rules. [45] internal dissensions and population expansion led to the movement of several families from Creek Town to Obutong, Atakpa, Nsidung and Ekoretonko. When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you, Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death, Joshua Project Efik of Nigeria Ethnic People Profile, Souvenir Programme of the Coronation Service of His Royal Highness Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V, Obong of Calabar and Paramount Ruler of the Efiks, Abridgement of the minutes of the evidence, "Souvenir programme of the Coronation of Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V", "Cross river as a model for the evolution of Benue-Congo nominal class/concord systems", https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092842/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/pa-effiong-ukpong-aye-1918-2012/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efik_people&oldid=1131332439, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 January 2023, at 17:46. [12] Due to the support of the missionaries, the Efik language became the language of religion. It is uncertain when Obutong was founded but most Efik scholars hypothesize that it was founded in the 16th century. One-word searches work best.Use AND to require multiple terms: LEFT Small ukara with minute patterned design and Omu Aro symbol. Read More mask Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Calabar. . I bought a $140,000 mobile home in a million-dollar LA neighborhood and love it. Aye, Originally Ekpe Fraternity was for religious purposes, but as the Calabar community became complicated owing to the new wealth which the early trade with Europeans brought it was. The presentation, by Ekpe members from Cameroon, Nigeria and Cuba was arranged by Chief Dr. Ivor Miller and coordinated by Sessekous Ojong-Orock, Joseph Mbu and Mbe Tazi. The Efik language was also spoken in several communities in Western Cameroon. Members are bound by oath of secrecy, and fees on entrance are payable. I'm still struggling to understand her choice. Nsbd: An Indigenous Language of Communication in the Cross River Why do you think it is important for us to understand our past? Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [26] At Uruan, they were ruled by a number of priest-kings Ndidem. Festival organised by Global Music Exchange (ht. Group members would disguise themselves as leopards, wearing leopard skins, carrying claw-like weapons, and attacking their prey. AHR ~ 125 You are using an out of date browser. A fraternal society that emerged in the western culture between the 16th and 7th century. Iwewe is a type of boiled yam mashed with a small amount of palm oil and stirred with a spoon. According to Parker, When there, Dick Ebro' asking him to go to war with him, he complied, and accordingly having sitted out and armed the canoes, they went up the river, lying under the bushes in the day when they came near a village; and at night flying up to the village, and taking hold of every one they could see. Abaku is an Afro-Cuban men's initiatory fraternity, or secret society, which originated from the Ekpe society in the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon. Sunjata's victory against Sumaworo comes in part because: Sumaworo loses the support of his nephew, Fakoli. We thank you too much for what thing you come do for keep thing right. It has a variety of different characters and is indigenous to areas of Southeastern Nigeria and . Archaeological evidence found that the group was extremely advanced in education for its time, and headed the construction of the Valley of the Kings. Niki Buroro Agbor Jerome - Field Fellowship Kokolopori Bonobo Research Oge ruru ka laja nyefee lasha r ya ma gaa rwa r e nyere ya ebe z. [1] The trade-off is that the Amama often control the majority of the community wealth. Ekpe members request nsibidi designs of personal or communal significance. Ekpe masquerade mimic the form of a lion or leopard moves. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as Due to the peregrinations of Efik traders across the lower Cross River region, The Efik language was regarded as the language of commerce in the Cross river region. According to Asuquo, Asibong Eso of Obutong was Old King Robin; Ekpenyong Efa of Adiabo was King John; Ani Eniang Nkot of Mbiabo Ikoneto was Robin King Agbisherea; Oku Ukpong Eton Ani of Mbiabo Ikot Offiong was William King Agbisherea; while Ukorebi Neneng Esien Ndem Ndem of Obomitiat Ikoneto was King Ebrero[55]. When the threads are cut, the nsibidi designs stand out, white against a deep blue background. Modern Efik society is a melting pot of people of diverse origin. Aye and Eyo Okon Akak. Collection of Eli Bentor. "[20] The society is somewhat akin to a free mason group and does some unofficial law enforcement. English language is spoken in the South-Western part of Cameroon. Each ukara is highly individualized and clearly produced to be worn by a specific Ekpe member or to mark a specific Ekpe lodge. Here are 8 prominent cults and secret societies in Africa. The Freemasonry's affiliation to the Imhotep is clearly evident and this is probably why they are accused of several conspiracy theories, since their objective is geared towards the restructuring and controlling of global affairs. After the decline of the slave trade, the Efik transitioned into the business of exporting palm oil from the Cross river. [45] Eyo Ema's people occupied Otung in the south of Creek Town, Adim Atai and Ukpong Atai occupied the east and Efiom Ekpo's family occupied the Adakuko in the west. [52] The missionaries respected the native law but the European Captains acted rashly and desired that an example be set on Obutong. [53] Aphrom was a corruption of Ephraim which was an anglicised form of the Efik name Efiom. Children of Efik maternal descent are still regarded as Efik and have contributed to the development of the Efik society. The Ekpe Masquerade - SlideShare Alcoholic content may be increased via adding the red bark of Edat (Sacoglottis gabonensis) to the wine. Several theories have been propounded on the origin of the word. Traditional societies and social change in Nigeria: a study of Ekpe Abakua is an Afro-Cuban mens secret society related to the Ekpe. Their king on the eastern Calabar coast was known as Ating Anua Efiom. Efik traders played a major role during the era of the Transatlantic slave trade. And it's a symbol in both. (PDF) Evaluating the Place of the Ekpe Traditional Institution as a Wake Keeping, Viewing and service in Dallas, Texas. The three most popular theories include an Igbo origin, Ibibio origin and Palestinian origin. The kp 'Leopard' Society of Africa and its Cuban Diaspora: A [79] Ikpaya a royal type of gown also made from raffia. Our newsletter gives you access to a curated selection of the most important stories daily. Nsibidi | Eneke The Bird cherryblossom wrote on watzinaname's profile. ""Hakuna Matata" (No More Worries) - Integrating - NSUWorks Large amounts of pepper was also uncommon in Efik cuisines. Ekpe could take life and could give it; it could condemn a whole town to a heavy fine and was promptly paid; it could punish offenders and could forgive; even kings and Obongs could never escape Ekpe laws and edicts.[69]. [11] Ibonda (an Efut clan) has sometimes been appended to Adiabo as one of the seven Efik clans. One theory asserts that Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai and other co-founders founded Obutong after one of Eyo Ema's people was killed during a wrestling match with Ukpong Atai at Creek town. The group has managed to stay mostly hidden for over more than 100 years. Additional Touches These artists sew the white cloths with raffia thread so that parts of the ukara (in a pattern of nsibidi symbols) will not be exposed during the dyeing process. Ekpe" which literally means Lion, is a traditional secret society orig (Ed.). Objects and images in the exhibition courtesy of Dr. Eli Bentor. The Decline of Ekpe Masquerade amongst the Efik Speakers [57] The diary of Antera Duke, an Efik, is the only surviving record from an African slave-trading house. History The Ekoi people, while all speaking the same language, have not tended to live in complete unison. The Social Significance and Implications of the Ekpe - PhilArchive [64] They insisted that Obutong be completely destroyed. [22] This is further proven by Talbot who proves that other ethnicities appended the name "Eburutu" or "Oburutu" to their ethnic names. Ikpaya is now worn by an Obong-elect during the traditional coronation ceremony. Sunjata's sister, Kolonkan, angers her younger brother Manding Bori when she: uses her powers to take the internal organs from animals he and his brothers killed, without cutting the animals open. PDF Symbolic values of clothing and textiles art in traditional and [36] The economics of the society is based on paying tribute to the village ancestors. . [69] The Ekpe spirit cannot be seen by the uninitiated and is represented by Idem Iquo, a masquerade dressed in Esk, a multicoloured costume decorated with other traditional accoutrements. Sunjata's half-brother, Dankaran Touman, enrages Sunjata and nearly causes civil war by: murdering an innocent young man, thinking he is Sunjata. PDF Read Free Misiva De Sangre Las Cronicas De Tito Valerio Ner In its vastness, the Ekpe is a well structured society with semi-caste characteristics, in that, there are categories and titles which one may qualify to be initiated into, while others are strictly reserved for persons of certain status and backgrounds. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. The traditional attire for men usually consists of a white long-sleeved shirt, a long broad soft neckerchief or scarf of costly material (Efik: kpmkpm) and a wrapper tied around the waist (Efik: Usobo).[83]. Due to the Obutong massacre of 1765 and several other incidents, the Ekpe society of Old Calabar was transformed into the Abaku cult in Cuba, the Bonk cult in Bioko and the Abakuya dance in mainland Equatorial Guinea. The papers include photographs, audio and video recordings, publications, correspondence and printed material primarily relating to Miller's study of the linguistic, musical and ritual influence of West African kp society (predominantly in Nigeria and Cameroon) on . While some explorers describe the Efik as travellers who past through the Ibibio country, others assert that the Efik are of Ibibio stock. A delegation of kp 'leopard' society initiates, as well as family members, traveled from Mamfe, Manyu Division of southwest Cameroon, to Yaound, the Cameroon capital to honor and reclaim the body of their leader and father, who had recently transited to the ancestors. Refworld | Nigeria: A cult known as Ekpe na Mboko Residents in Ekpe villages often go to the group to help them seek justice when theyve been wronged. Free masons were originally an ancient Egyptian fraternity of builders, with Imhotep, as their founder and chief sculptor. [77] The fibre of the leaf-stalk of a palm was made into a thread and woven to make clothes and bags. [68] The society is believed to have been introduced in Calabar from Usahadet. Another account from the Qua claimed that Ekpe (Mgbe) migrated from Cameroon. [58] Antera Duke also known as Ntiero Edem Efiom was an Efik trader whose diary reveals several daily activities in Old Calabar between 1785 and 1788. [77] Women wore a number of brass rings on their legs and arms. Cow meat was also consumed but the Efik native cow was rarely eaten or milked by the Efik. The Ogboni fraternity is said to have a strong affiliation to royalty, gerontological system of governance and the law enforcement of the community. Define monsoon, Sanskrit, raja, caste system, caste, Hinduism, reincarnation, karma, dharma, yoga, Buddhism, ascetic, nirvana. [32] The men were wet and complained of hunger and fatigue. She or he is a random of nature, a result of mixed up and confused spiritual genetics. Okoho Efiom bore the twins at Nsutana and raised them up for years. These secret societies were used to uphold the legal decisions of the Council of Elders or of the community as a whole, they also ensured conformity in certain rituals and in social behaviour and undertook certain public works for the community (n.d.). Photo by Eli Bentor. [9] The Efik have also been referred to as "Calabar people" in historical literature. Working with both kp and Abaku leaders, he has documented the foundation of the society in 19th . Upon leaving the Cameroon territory, the Ibibio arrived at their present location following two major directions. The version of Sunjata we have read is not the only version because: No version was ever written down by a skilled jeli, since Mande traditional society considers any story written down to be "dead". Charles Ekpo Arthur Jarvis University, Akpabuyo, Nigeria The Cross River region is a vast socio-cultural mosaic which accommodates peoples of distinct ethnic, religious, social, economic and. ,sister Watz. Covering, concealing, and protecting their bodies, it functions as a physical metaphor for the ideological secrecy that the Ekpe society carefully constructs and guards. [54] The name "Agbisherea" (also known as Egbosherry) appended in the names of the two kings listed by Barbot, was the name of the country, on the coast of which they traded from. Another theory which is narrated by Forde and Jones states that the name "Efik" translates to "Tyrants" or "He who oppresses" and was the name of which the Efik called themselves after they had settled at Creek town.[12]. The Efik people occupy the basins of the Lower Cross River, down to southwestern Cameroon including Bakassi, the Calabar River and down to its streams - the Kwa River, Akpayafe (Akpa Ikang) and the Eniong Creek. PDF Hood MuseuM of Art, dArtMoutH College Sunjata's aunt, Tenenba Conde, childless herself, must raise the child Fakoli, son of Kosiya Kante, after Kosiya sacrifices herself for her brother's sake. Mr. . Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. NSUWorks - Nova Southeastern University Institutional Repository According to him . Jeffreys states that a disruption among the Okobo around the town of Ekeya in the Eket district led to the founding of Obutong. [73] The Efik native cow (English: Ena Efk) was regarded with some amount of reverence and was mainly killed on rare occasions such as the festival for the installation of a new priest king. The Ekpe society most likely originated among the Efik people of southern Nigeria and from there spread across other tribes and language groups in Southern Nigeria. [34], On leaving the Uruan country, the Efik migrated to Ikpa Ene which is nicknamed Akani Obio Efik(English: Old Efik island). An account from the Qua said the origin of the Ekpe people can be traced to Cameron. Flashlight on drama & film : a drama for situation analysis guide Prior to 1905, Old Calabar was a term used to describe the Efik settlements of Duke Town, Creek Town, Old town, Cobham town, Henshaw town, Adiabo and Mbiabo (consisting of Mbiabo edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong and Mbiabo Ikoneto). In his well researched thesis titled "Ekpe Imperium in South Eastern Nigeria", Anwana (2002) identified a plenitude of evidences to validate the Ejagham/Ekoi origins of the Ekpe society. [67] Communities within the Calabar metropolis such as Efut, Kiong and Qua also speak and understand the Efik language. [49] The Enwang are believed to have ruled Atakpa for a number of years. [76], Prior to the introduction of European-styled clothing, the Efik wore loin clothes made of Raffia (Efik: Ndam). Here are 8 prominent cults and secret societies in Africa [26] Essien points out that Atakpor Uruan Inyang is one of the Efik deities and asserts that among the Uruan exists the saying "Ke Ndem Efik Iboku, Atakpor ke Ekuk", which can be interpreted to mean "Where there is the Efik deity, there is also Atakpor Uruan to share with it. It is also used by the Igbo and Efik. Updates? The Leopard Society was allegedly a cannibalistic society in the early-to-mid 2oth century in Sierra Leone, Libera and Cte dIvoire. In the case of the latter, in the heat of the confusion, villagers would be kidnapped and sent to Calabar were they were sold. "[21] Jeffreys assertion regarding Eburutu being a single Ibibio clan is proven false by earlier definitions of Eburutu by Rev. Only males can join, boys being initiated about the age of puberty. The Internet has shone light on manysecret societies, rendering them not so secret. Ekpe Efik was used as a government instrument in Bakassi in exercising authority for more than 200 years ago (E.O.Efiong-Fuller, 1996). PDF Traditional Societies and Pre-colonial Security System: Interrogating The society combines a kind of freemasonry with political and law enforcing aims. Although used exclusively by members of Ekpe, ukara is produced by a sub-group in a village of the Ezillo community in present-day Ebonyi State in the Igbo area in southeastern Nigeria. The Prestigious Ekpe Masquerade of Calabar | ngEmbassy ukara: Ritual Cloth of the Ekpe Society features the ukara cloth, a composite signifier of authority, prestige, sacrality, difference, and social mobility in the Ekpe secret society in the Cross river basin encompassing southeastern Nigeria and parts of Cameroon. Also i want bomb and shell.