The Assyrians were great warriors. And so it was, when Israel had sown, that the Midianites came up, and the Amalekites, and the children of the east, even they came up against . Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. [59], Male head from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq, Kassite, reign of Marduk-apla-iddina I. Iraq Museum, Door socket from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq. Third Interim Report, 1944-5," Iraq, VIII, 1946, von Saldern, Axel. The Babylonian territory had experienced internal strife and rebellion and the people of Elam took advantage of this situation and conquered Babylon. (Kassites). Kassites. Around 1500 BC. Idem, Elamites and Other Peoples from Iran and the Persian Gulf Region in Early Mesopotamian Sources, Iran 32, 1994, pp. [57] The images created by these seals were unique to each seal, but many shared the same subject matter. A 300-year Middle Eastern Dark lasted from 1157 to 883 B.C. Thus Rameses means to come from Ra and Mosa would be incomplete, and as it says in Exodus he was drawn from the water. Dilmun (modern Bahrain) in the Persian Gulf was ruled by a Kassite governor. [18] Often situated on the surface, many were found early and made their way to museums around the world. And I realized all my beliefs like what Edison believed came from the Bible. Their Akkadian name Ka originates from a Kassite form *G/Kal- (cf. 24 f., 33 f., 38 f., 45, 54, 57, 66 f., 68 ff., 82 ff., 92 ff.). 417 f.). The Babylonians were the first to form an empire that would encompass all of Mesopotamia. But, dont take my word for all of that. [31] The most notable of these efforts was the construction of a new city, Dur-Kuirgalzu. Richardson (2002, p. 54) points out that southern Mesopotamian refugees were absorbed in the northern cities, whereas members of non-Mesopotamian population groups, such as Kassites, Elamites, and West Semitic semi-nomads (Suteans, Ahlamites) were diverted to rural establishments, such as encampments and fortresses. Babylonia and the Bible, Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception, Vol 3. 112 f.). and ruled the area for 576 years. As semi-nomads the Kassites were organized in family and tribal units. The canal Habur-ibal-buga (see Balkan, 1954, p. 104) is recorded in a document from Terqa which is dated to King Hammurapih (perhaps 16th century BCE, i.e., at the beginning of the Middle Babylonian period; see Podany, 2002, pp. Idem, rev. [19], The ancient city of Nippur was a major focus for the Kassites. [14] A number of seals have also been found. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archologie, Daniel A. Nevez, 'Provincial administration at Kassite Nippur', Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kassites&oldid=1137673460, States and territories established in the 16th century BC, States and territories disestablished in the 12th century BC, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Son of Burnaburiash I, Grandson of Agum-Kakrime, Possible campaigns against "The Sealand" and "in Dilmun". Die Tontafeln der Grabung Robert Koldeweys 18991917." Who were the kassites in the Bible? [26] Mid-12th Century. Zamua, which was originally Lullubian (see LULUBI), had only one pertinent toponym, namely,Ban-ba-la, which may be the Kassite form of Babylon. If one judges by the onomasticon, the individuals bearing Kassite names were 7.72-5.31 percent of the general sample from Greater Media, i.e., the second group after the Iranians, whose percentage was 45.37-32.36 percent (see Zadok, 2002, pp. Several suspected Kassite names are recorded in Ur III economic documents from southern Babylonia, but it is not known whence these individuals originally came (Zadok, 1987, p. 16; 1993, pp. Brinkman, 1986). [27] An International System came into place between these parties connected by widespread trade, treaties, and intermarriage between the ruling classes (especially between the Kassites and Elamites). . H. Gasche, J. The commonly held opinion that they originated from the Zagros mountains east of Babylonia (see, e.g., Balkan, 1986, p. 8; Heinz, 1995, p. 167) is based on the assumption that their geographical distribution before they took over the Babylonian alluvium was the same as their distribution after the demise of the Kassite rule in Babylonia. Kassite. 209-23. 3, 1973, pp. The anonymity of most of the Kassites in late Old Babylonian sources is not greatly remedied by the new occurrences from the unpublished texts evaluated by Richardson (2002, pp. In the time of Old Babylonia they were hired mercenaries for the state and also formed bands of outlaw rebels against the state. 1, 1989, pp. Donbaz, Veysel. They gained control of Babylonia after the Hittite sack of Babylon in 1531 BC, and established a dynasty generally assumed to have been based first in that city, after a hiatus. Balkan, 1954, pp. Archaeologists divide it into three periods, Early Kassite (pre c. 1415 BC), Middle Kassite (c 1415 BC - 1225 BC), and Late Kassite (c. 1225 BC - 1155 BC). Museum, British. Cancik-Kirschbaum, 1996, no. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Iran 11.1 (1973): 1-27, Levine, Louis D. "Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian ZagrosII." Moses birth was 80 years before the Exodus in 1392bce or 2528 from Adam. Is The NIV Purposefully Removing References To Fasting? Idem, Zur Organisation des gesellschaftlichen Lebens im kassitischen und nachkassitischen Babylonien: Verwaltungsstruktur und Gemeinschaften, in H. Hirsch and H. Hunger, eds., Vortrge gehalten auf der 28 Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale in Wien, 6.-10 Juli 1981, Archiv fr Orientforschung Beiheft 19, Vienna, 1982, pp. The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Civilization that Ruled the Babylonian Empire after Hammurabi and the First Babylonian Dynasty examines the impact the Kassites had on the region. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have 163-69). [53] Kassite pottery deposits have been found as far away as Al Khor Island in the Persian Gulf area. Kassites after the fall of the Kassite dynasty. (1998, pp. [22] After the Kassite dynasty was overthrown in 1155 BC, the system of provincial administration continued and the country remained united under the succeeding rule, the Second Dynasty of Isin.[23]. Though the map was inscribed long after the demise of Old Babylonia, archaeological evidence has proven it remarkably accurate in showing the . Moses' two brothers, Korah and Aaron, were Horite . Christ was at once a Koresh, a Hebrew, and a Yehudi. We care about our planet! Armstrong, James A., and Hermann Gasche. After acting as king of Babylon for a year (1220 BCE), Tukulti-Ninurta I appointed a succession of puppet rulers, who controlled Babylonia for a decade. [55] Other similar glass dated 1500 BC was found at Tell al-Rimah. On the whole, it cannot be proven that the Kassites living in Babylonia had an essentially different social organization from that of the Babylonians (Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 150). In addition, no Kassite anthroponyms and toponyms are recorded in these regions according to the above-mentioned early sources. The fall of Babylon is a historical event that occurred in 539 BC. [24] They were reported in Babylonia by the 18th century BC, especially around the area of Sippar. NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (5) KASSITE. Many endure rather than enjoy reading these two chapters. 6969, Albrecht Goetze, "The Kassites and Near Eastern Chronology,", This page was last edited on 5 February 2023, at 22:04. B. Landsberger, Assyrische Knigsliste und dunkles Zeitalter, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 8, 1954, pp. 23342, J. and debt slaves, thereby containing internal inequalities of wealth and legal status (slave-free continuum: see Brinkman, 1982). Kassite traditions endured mostly in the private and familial spheres (see Heinz, 1995, p. 165). Gezer has been captured; R. Pientka, Die Sptaltbabylonische Zeit: Abieu bis Samsuditana: Quellen, Jahresdaten, Geschichte, 1, 2, Imgula 2, Mnster, 1998. Picture Study Bible - StudyBible with Pictures and Maps. Most of the Kassite kings ruled on an average of 17 to 20 years. 88 f.) suggest that Babylon was resettled as early as ca. 6, no. 125-145, Potts, Daniel T. (1999). "Ethiopian" was a Greek term for black-skinned peoples generally, often applied to Kush (which was well known to the Hebrews and often mentioned in the Hebrew Bible). Omissions? Another ancient Middle Eastern people known as the Elam finally defeated the last Kassite ruler in 12 B.C. Slavery was common, but not the dominant factor of the workforce. Cite This Work There are fewer female functionaries and professionals. Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional. Charpin, 1995). ), in O. Lipschits and J. Blenkinsopp, eds., Judah and Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period, Winona Lake, 2003, pp. Major construction occurred under Kadashman-Enlil, Kudur-Enlil, and Shagarakti-Shuriash, with lesser levels of repair work under Adad-shuma-usur and Meli-Shipak. bukaum), who received envoys of the king of Halaba (very probably Aleppo) in his encampment, was perhaps a contemporary of Samsiluna (see Podany, 2002, p. 49). 19-38. 55 f., 231, 325 ff., 336 ff.). 221-223, Marcus, Michelle I. M. Van De Mieroop, A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. The Kassite (or presumably such) clans are Bimat (including the houses [h] of Nanakt) and possibly the Samhar (De Graef, 1998, pp. After the Hittites' surgeon Babylon, the Kassites, coming from the North, North-East, settled in Babylon and founded their dynasty by Agum. This document includes a graphic timeline (imagemap) and a hypertexted text timeline The fact that the river ordeal, which in the Old Babylonian period is mainly recorded in texts from Susa, has become more common in Babylonia during the Kassite than in the preceding (Old Babylonian) period may point to an origin of the Kassites east of Babylonia, but is not conclusive evidence. An Elamite, Kutir-Nahhunte, captures the last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi (1157 - 1155 B.C. Most sukallu officials bore Kassite names as late as the period of the second Isin dynasty (see Brinkman, 1976-80, pp. Very little is known of their language because of the lack of texts (only a few incomplete sentences have survived). : The Documentary Evidence, AJA 76, 1972, pp. 23. Did Jesus or The New Testament Authors Quote from The Apocryphal Books? 160 f.; also > Kunu-; cf. The Kassites strove to be integrated in the culture of the conquered land. Their empire, which lasted from the 20th to the seventh centuries B.C., was centered on the cities of Assur, Nineveh and Arbela in what is now northern Iraq. The Babylonians - Learn about ancient Babylon and the people who lived there. Some kudurrus are kept in the Louvre in Paris and others in the National Museum of Iraq. Gasche et al. Cush here probably refers, not to Ethiopia, but to the land of the Kassites in the mountains of east of Mesopotamia. There is only soft evidence about whether or not the Habiru are actually the Hebrews. The Kassites hardly penetrated the fields where acquaintance with the scribal art was required. It was in the area between this Havilah and Shur that Saul defeated the Amalekites and captured Agag, their king (I Sam. Attractive design ideal for your home, office, church . Brinkman, Provincial Administration in Babylonia under the second Dynasty of Isin, JESHO 6, 1963, pp. Iran 12.1 (1974): 99-124. 47, 100, 102 ff., 115 ff., 122). that the plagues mentioned in the Book of Exodus from the Hebrew Bible . June 14, 2022; pros and cons of stem cell therapy for knees . The Kassites, controlled Mesopotamia from 1595 to 1157 B.C. World History Encyclopedia. Mu-s-Sa Dates in the Kassite Period. Die Welt Des Orients, vol. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. A man named Tobiah the Ammonite is mentioned in Nehemiah 2:19 at the end of the Old Testament period (400s BC). Almamori, Haider Oraibi and Bartelmus, Alexa. (Bible Quiz), Journal of Ancient EgyptianInterconnections, Israel Mentioned in Egyptian Inscriptions, 15 Christian Leaders That Make More Money Getting Out Of Bed Than Youll Make All Year, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Neo Babylonian Period [626 - 529 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Middle Babylonian Period [1000 625 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible. The Kassites kings pursued a policy of dynastic marriages with rulers of the other contemporary Near Eastern powers, namely, Elam (from the reign of Burnaburia II onwards until that of Meli-hu; see van Dijk, 1986, pp. I read the Bible four times as a child I thought I believed different from everyone else. Katiliau and the Sumundar Canal: A New Middle Babylonian Royal Inscription. Isaac was 100 years later in 2048bce, or 2048 from Adam. W. De Smet, Kashsh in Old-Babylonian Documents, Akkadica 68, 1990, pp. Iggy, your theory is not an uncommon one. Following Hammurabi, the Kassites took over Elam and reigned till around . (Louvre, Paris; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) Their main project was the foundation of a new capital, named Dr-Kurigalzu Kurigalzus fortress (this type of place name is common in second- and early first-millennium Babylonia, where the initial component precedes a Kassite anthroponym (e.g., Agum and Burra-sah, Nashef, 1982, pp. 492-507, Brinkman, J. R. Zadok, The Origin of the Name Shinar, ZA 74, 1984, pp. ISBN 0-521-563585. pp. [44][45], Note that the relative order of Kadashman-Turgu and Kadashman-Enlil II have been questioned. The findings of those digs can be found HERE. Important sources for reconstructing the Kassite Dynasty are kudurrus. "Babylon in the Second Millennium BCE: New Insights on the Transitions from Old Babylonian to Kassite and Isin II Periods". Once they made it to Babylon, they managed to defeat the weakened Babylonian city state and set themselves up as rulers. Idem, Foreign Relations of Babylonia from 1600 to 625 B.C. Babylonian Pottery in the Kassite Period". Idem, The Representation of Foreigners in Neo- and Late-Babylonian Legal Documents (Eighth-Second Centuries B.C.E. Kassites. D.O. "Inscription of Kurigalzu I". Ira Spar, Michael Jursa: Cuneiform Texts from the Metropolitan Museum of Art IV: The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millennium BC. There is a radical change of the administrative terminology. However, it should be remembered that there are many fewer texts from other parts of the Kassite state. [52] Many small pottery kilns, generally no bigger than 2 meters in diameter with domed tops, were found in the Babylonian city of Dilbat. "Kassitisch und Hurro-Urartisch. They had some distinct words for their language, but they borrowed most of their dialect from the Babylonian people. Altorientalische Forschungen (in German) (30): 372381. Just exactly who The Kassites were, and anything about their origins and history, is very obscure. The images were made by stamping or rolling the seals into wet clay. The names of some Kassite deities are known. During subsequent raids, Elamite troops stole numerous monuments from sanctuaries across southern Mesopotamia and carried them back to Susa, contributing to . Kar-Duniash was the name given to ancient Babylon during the reign of the Kassite kings. Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. 31-51. How does violence against the family pet affect the family? After the destruction of the Mittani by the Hittites in the early 14th century BC Assyria rose in power creating a three way power structure in the region between the Kassites, Hittites, and Assyrians with Elam exerting influence from the east and Egypt from the south. In Mark William Chavalas (ed.). Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta I (1243 - 1207 B.C.) Top level: Mesopotamian Gods in symbolic form, second level: animals and deities playing musical instruments (detail), "Unfinished" Kudurru, Kassite period, attributed to the reign of Melishipak, 1186-1172 B.C.E., found in Susa, where it had been taken as war booty in the 12th century B.C.E. Along with pictures of important people, places, and events, you will learn about the Kassites like never before. 20, 2010, pp. Ein Diskussionsbeitrag zu mglichen lexikalischen Isoglossen". About 200 additional lexical elements can be gained by the analysis of the more numerous anthroponyms, toponyms, theonyms, and horse names used by the Kassites (see Balkan, 1954, passim; Jaritz, 1957 is to be used with caution). Christ's first name, Jesus, was Yeshua. [58] The seals were generally made of stone, glass, or clay. The landed property was only partially in the hands of Kassites. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [32][33] The Kassites also extended their power into the Persian Gulf, including at Qal'at al-Bahrain. 1-26. 55, pp. I cannot say that I am convinced by it but there are some real pieces of evidence to support it. The attempt of A. Ancillotti (1981) to demonstrate that Kassite is originally an Indo-Aryan language is not convincing. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. The Kassites: An ancient Near Eastern people, the Kassites ruled Babylonia from from 1531 BC to 1155 BC after the fall of the First Babylonian Empire. J. Oelsner, Landvergabe im kassitischen Babylonien, in M. A. Dandamayev, I. Gershevitch, H. Klengel, G. Komorczy, M. T. Larsen, and J. N. Postgate, eds., Societies and Languages in the Ancient Near East: Studies in Honour of I.M. The Hittites had carried off the idol of the god Marduk, but the Kassite rulers regained possession, returned Marduk to Babylon, and made him the equal of the Kassite Shuqamuna. It does not store any personal data. [13] In total, about 12,000 Kassite period documents have been recovered, of which only around 10% have been published. Jahresband, 1969, pp. 19, no. Kassite toponyms refer to three polities in western Media, viz., Nahi-marti, Bt-Kilamzah, and Bt-Kubatti. 129, Brinkman, J. The Elamites went on to take Babylon up till Hammurabi around 1700 BC. A. Brinkman, Kassiten (Kass), RLA, vol. The Canaan has been plundered into every sort of woe: The Absurd History Of Papal Edicts Concerning Jews, How Well Do You Know Your Bible? The Mosaic Glass Vessels from Hasanlu, Iran: A Study in Large-Scale Stylistic Trait Distribution The Art Bulletin , Vol. The name Cushan is considered a translation for Kassite or northwest Mesopotamia. Several Kassite tribes and clans bore Akkadian and atypical names (Sassmannshausen, 2001, pp. 4 (Dec., 1991), pp. According to other ancient texts found concerning the Habiru, they were found to live all along the fertile crescent in the 2nd millennium BCE. 137 f.), namely, that Kassite is related to Elamite, is unlikely. Amarna a-an-har-ra, a-an-ha-ar (from Mitanni and Alashia), Hittite a-an-ha-ra(-az), Egyptian ngr, Old Testament nr < *amara (Old Babylonian gentilic Samhar), presumably a Kassite tribe, gave its name to Babylonia while it was occupied by the Kassites (see Zadok, 1984; cf. This temple was probably one of the most important institutions of Kassite Babylonia. ''Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf'', Journal of Near Eastern Studies, LXV/2, 111-119.Richardson, S. (2005). 5 What kind of government did the Kassites have? 421-436. New Testament Overview - General survey of the New Testament. While the period of enslavement by the Egyptians meant that the Israelites would certainly not be writing anything down, it did not prevent the Egyptians from documenting certain things. For less than $1 a week, you'll get devotionals, Bible study guides, thematic studies, and much more! The Kassites first appeared during the reign of Samsu-iluna (1749-1712 BC), son of Hammurabi of the First Babylonian Dynasty and after being defeated by Babylon, moved to control the city-state of Mari. M. Hlscher, Die Personennamen der kassitenzeitlischen Texte aus Nippur, Imgula 1, Mnster, 1996.